Materials For A Japanese Garden
Water and Water Courses are always desired in the Japanese garden, but as it is not always possible to have a pool or river, a dry brook or dry pool may be substituted. These are exactly what the name implies – a channel in the first instance, a depression in the second, where water would flow or rest if water were present, if the little stream or tiny lake had not “gone dry.”
Surprisingly enough it is possible to achieve a very convincing sense of water by such features. The dry brook is, of course, laid out to follow natural gradations of level if these exist, becoming wider here and narrowing there as a natural watercourse would. The lake or pool likewise takes a natural form. And the bed of each is covered with gravel and stones disposed as high-water or currents would carry them, while the banks on either side are fringed with the plants that grow naturally in such spots.
Somewhere along the course of the dry brook a path must cross it, just as it would probably cross a running one; either over a half-moon bridge or by stepping stones. In all but large gardens the latter are preferred as being more in keeping with the Nature theme prevailing throughout.
Plants and Planting – The plant material used in a Japanese garden must be chosen with great care, whether the work is on a diminished scale or full size. Each specimen is selected for its particular place with careful consideration of its form, its tendency of growth, its present adaptability to the composition, and its general appropriateness. No gardeners in the world are as successful as the Japanese in creating immediately and at the moment of finishing a planting the effect of natural growth long undisturbed.
This is partly due to the skill with which they “surface” the earth after a hole has been dug, a plant set, and its roots covered (to detect the disturbance of the ground after a Japanese gardener has finished such a task is practically impossible). But it is also due to the individual selection of every plant like the glory bower plant for the exact spot it is to occupy. And also to the care with which it is placed so that its form shall conform to its surroundings – to neighboring plants if it is in the midst of a group, or to the conditions governing its growth if it is a single specimen standing apart. Any sparsity in branches, or the over-development of one side – any tendency in its growth – is studied and it is so placed that such tendency is accounted for in the immediate surroundings as they affect its exposure to light and wind.
There may be flowers in the Japanese garden on occasion – dramatic displays of masses at their season. But the flower borders so usual in gardens of the western world are unknown. One flower should be the feature of its season – the iris perhaps, azaleas, the ravishing beauty of cherry blossoms, the twilight-dreaming loveliness of wisteria, and so on. Evergreen material in both tree and shrub form should be strongly dominant – but never in assorted kinds. One species used in quantity as nature plants, supplemented by deciduous growth that is wholly secondary in numbers, position and importance in the composition is the rule.
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